Laws Of ThermoDynamics.....

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Here is a fast over-view of  Laws Of ThermoDynamics.

Zeroth Law of Thermo dynamics: Let A, B, C be different bodies having different temperatures. If heat exchange is possible between A and B and B and C then it is also possible between A and C.

Work and Heat:

      Work:

i)                    It is the mode of energy transfer mechanical work 

ii)                  It is a path dependent function

iii)                Work done on system increases the energy of a system and work done by system decreases the energy of system
Heat:

i)                    It is the quantity of heat which flows between system and surrounding.

ii)                  Always flows from higher temperature to lower temperature.

Internal Energy:

Summation of all types of energies constitutes to give net internal energy of a particular system.

First law of thermo dynamics:

            1)      Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. It can be only transformed from one form to another. 

            2)      Total energy of the universe is constant.

                        3)   Whenever a quantity of one king of energy disappears, an exactly equivalent quantity of energy in some other form must appear.

                                                                

          

Enthalpy:

Heat content at constant pressure is called “Enthalpy”.

 Heat capacity:

Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of the system by one degree.

Heat capacity 

Heat capacity at constant volume 

Heat capacity at constant pressure 

                                                              

Expansion of an Ideal gas:

 1.    Isothermal expansion:

a)      Work done in reversible isothermal process

b)      Work done for irreversible process –

2.      Adiabatic process:

                                      for an adiabatic process.

        Important results for adiabatic process :
                                                                  

     

  Work done for reversible adiabatic process 

               Work done for irreversible adiabatic process

Second Law of Thermodynamics –

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as a closed isolated system, will always increase over time. The second law also states that the changes in the entropy in the universe can never be negative.

·         Second law of thermodynamics gives rise to the concept of ENTROPY

·         Entropy (S) - measure of the number of specific ways in which a thermodynamic system may be arranged, commonly understood as a measure of disorder.

Gibb’s Free Energy (G)

    G = H –TS

 at constant temperature.

    Also,

    At constant temperature, 

Criteria for Spontaneity:

For a spontaneous process, entropy of universe must increase, i.e.

(i)                 If and is always negative, always spontaneous.

(ii)               Ifandis always positive, always non-spontaneous

(iii)             If and, process will be spontaneous higher temperature but non-spontaneous at lower temperature.

(iv)             If andprocess will be spontaneous lower temperature but non-spontaneous at higher temperature.